Psychology is commonly defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has existed since the late 19th century, with 1879 often being given as a starting date because that was when the first psychological research lab was founded. Many schools of thought within the field have come and gone since then; some, like behaviorism,have persisted and evolved if they stood up to scientific study; others, like phrenology, have faded as they have lost credibility. Dualism most commonly refers to Mind–body dualism, a philosophicalviewwhichholdsthatmental phenomenaare, at least in certain respects, not physical phenomena, or that the mind and the body are distinct and separable from one another.

Property dualism, a view in the philosophy of mind and meta physics which holds that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance the physical kind there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties Cosmological dualism, the theological or spiritual view that there are only two fundamental concepts, such as "good" and"evil",andthatthesetwoconceptsareineveryway opposed to one another Dualism (cybernetics), systems or problems in which an intelligent adversary attempts to exploit the weaknessesof the investigator Dualism (Indian philosophy).

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. There are many environmental and genetic risk factors associated with its development. The strongest genetic risk factor is from an allele of APOE. Other risk factors include a history of head injury, clinical depression, and high blood pressure. The disease process is largely associated with amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neuronal connections in the brain. A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes.Medications may temporarily improve or slow progression of symptoms.

With Regards,
Joseph Kent
Journal Manager
Journal of Brain, Behaviour & Cognitive Sciences